Calcium Selenate Removal From Wastewater

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The human body needs calcium to perform a number of essential functions, such as bone health, muscle contractions and signaling pathways. Inorganic selenium is an important trace element found in food and drinking water, but long-term exposure to inorganic Se (VI) increases the risk of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Thus, it is crucial to find sustainable and environmentally friendly methods for removing soluble selenium from wastewater streams that are discharged into natural reservoirs.

Several processes have been used for selenium removal from waste water, including electrochemical oxidation and biological reduction by denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation biofilms. However, there is little understanding of the fundamental mechanisms involved in these processes.

In a series of batch experiments, we studied the sorption of Se (VI) by natural bentonite with and without added iron and measured the distribution coefficient (Kd) in oxic and anoxic conditions. The Kd values remained constant over a pH range from 2.0 to 10.0, indicating that the bentonite formed a CaSeO 3 * H 2 O phase with a stable Se/Ca ratio in this range.

When selenite (Se(VI)) was injected into the same system, the concentration of Se in the outflow remained nearly constant, indicating that no significant selenium precipitation occurred. Therefore, we propose that the observed Se(VI) sequestration in selenite-treated bentonite was achieved through dissolution-precipitation. The interpretation is supported by SEM observations, Raman spectroscopy and thermodynamic calculations. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec; ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.

The human body needs calcium to perform a number of essential functions, such as bone health, muscle contractions and signaling pathways. Inorganic selenium is an important trace element found in food and drinking water, but long-term exposure to inorganic Se (VI) increases the risk of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases such… Continue reading →

Titanium IV Sulfide Formula

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Titanium disulfide is the lightest and cheapest of the Group IV chalcogenides, and it has the highest energy density of any layered battery cathode material. The intercalation of lithium ions into the layered structure is also reversible, making it possible for batteries to be recharged many times.

It is a semimetal in bulk form with a small overlap of the conduction and valence bands, becoming a semiconductor under strain or pressure. It is also a fullerene precursor, and its crystal structure can be modified to form spherical structures with diameters of up to 80 nm.

TiS2 is moderately water and acid soluble. It can be dispersed using suspended or coated nanoparticles and deposited on substrates such as sputtering targets and evaporation materials for thin films and solar cells.

This product was previously sold under the Alfa Aesar brand name. Documentation and labeling may refer to the legacy brand name.

Safety Data Sheet (SDS):

Titanium disulfide is a yellow to gray powder with an unpleasant odor and is used as a solid lubricant. It can cause irritation to the eyes, nose, and throat when inhaled or ingested. It reacts with acids to generate hydrogen sulfide, which is toxic and flammable. It decomposes in air to form irritating, corrosive, and/or toxic gases. It is a fire hazard and will ignite upon contact with water or steam, generating hydrogen sulfide. Exposure to fire or splashes of this chemical can result in severe burns.

Titanium disulfide is the lightest and cheapest of the Group IV chalcogenides, and it has the highest energy density of any layered battery cathode material. The intercalation of lithium ions into the layered structure is also reversible, making it possible for batteries to be recharged many times.It is a semimetal… Continue reading →

Tantalum Plate

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tantalum plate is a dark gray-blue, hard, ductile transition metal with high corrosion resistance. It is a rare element that occurs in nature as the mineral tantalite.

The use of porous tantalum metal plates in the treatment of tibial fractures has been demonstrated to be effective in restoring bone growth and improving the mechanical properties of the bone. The advantages of this material include its ability to promote bony callus formation and a modulus of elasticity in between the values of cancellous and cortical bone. This results in stress shielding that decreases bone fracture and improves the mechanical strength of the implant.

A new technique is presented for fabricating a plate of porous tantalum that can be used in the treatment of cranial defects. Eight cases are reported in which this plate was used to repair old or new cranial defects and satisfactory results were obtained. The plate can be fabricated with ordinary available material found in the dental laboratory.

This report consists of detailed characterizations of tri-lab tantalum (Ta) plate jointly purchased from HCStark Inc. by Sandia, Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories through a leveraged effort funded by the C2 campaign. The characterization data include microstructure characterization detailing crystallographic texture and grain size, as well as material strength evaluations using compression cylinder, sub-scale tension specimen and instrumented indentation testing. These results are compared with previously characterized wrought Ta materials.

tantalum plate is a dark gray-blue, hard, ductile transition metal with high corrosion resistance. It is a rare element that occurs in nature as the mineral tantalite.The use of porous tantalum metal plates in the treatment of tibial fractures has been demonstrated to be effective in restoring bone growth and… Continue reading →

How Do Metals Form?

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metals form into sheets that can be hammered into flat, thin pieces or stretched into long wires that can carry electricity to people like you from power stations hundreds of miles away. These and other properties of metals are extremely important for human civilizations, especially since the discovery of bronze about 11,000 years ago marked a major step forward from less durable stone tools.

Most pure and alloyed metals, in their solid state, have atoms that are arranged in highly ordered crystalline structures. They also have the property of conducting electricity well.

Metallic bonds are the force of attraction between positive metal ions and the mobile valence electrons that surround them. The ions form a lattice-like structure that holds the material together. This structure explains why most metals are malleable, meaning they can be shaped into sheets without breaking. It also explains why they conduct electricity so easily.

Unlike the bonds that hold together atoms in ionic crystals (which are held in fixed positions by the attractions between cations and anions), metal atoms can move past each other more easily. This allows metals to bend, which is why you can hammer gold into sheet or stretch it into wire.

There are several processes used to produce metal parts for industry, including bending, stretching, deep drawing and roll forming. During the process of roll forming, metal is fed through pairs of rollers that bend it incrementally until the desired cross-sectional shape is achieved. This is a common manufacturing process, particularly for components with longer lengths and/or large production runs.

metals form into sheets that can be hammered into flat, thin pieces or stretched into long wires that can carry electricity to people like you from power stations hundreds of miles away. These and other properties of metals are extremely important for human civilizations, especially since the discovery of bronze… Continue reading →

Nickel Silicide As a Precatalyst for Green Hydrogen

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The development of earth-abundant metal-based catalysts to accelerate the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for the commercial production of green hydrogen. This can be achieved by employing a nickel silicide, which has the potential to serve as a precatalyst for anodic OER due to its high efficiency and stability.

The preparation of nickel silicide involves a two-step procedure. The first step is a chemical dry-clean using ammonium fluorosilicate, which suppresses the formation of NiSi2 from the native oxide on the substrate. The second step is sputtering of nickel, followed by deposition of a titanium nitride cap-film. Both steps are performed in an oxygen-rich atmosphere. This imposes a high energy requirement, which can lead to the agglomeration of Ni, resulting in nickel silicide with an unsatisfactory morphology.

Several approaches have been developed to improve the morphology of nickel silicide, including etchant chemistry and thermal annealing. However, the agglomeration problem is difficult to avoid for very thin (e.g., 10 nm) layers, since it is driven by the surface and interface energy. In addition, the etchant chemistry only delays the agglomeration process and does not completely eliminate unreacted nickel.

In order to fully understand the morphology of nickel silicide, depth-resolved composition and crystallography are required. This can be achieved with a non-invasive probe. X-ray pole figure measurements6,7, transmission electron microscopy (TEM),8,9 and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS)10 can all provide this information. For example, RBS and TEM can detect the crystal axis and planes in the silicide layer. The resulting patterns are very similar to those of the Si substrate, showing that the silicide layer is epitaxial.

The development of earth-abundant metal-based catalysts to accelerate the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for the commercial production of green hydrogen. This can be achieved by employing a nickel silicide, which has the potential to serve as a precatalyst for anodic OER due to its high efficiency and… Continue reading →

Bismuth Hydroxide and Bismuth Subnitrate

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bismuth hydroxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Bi(OH)3. It is a white solid, insoluble in water but soluble in acids. It is used as a radiopacifying agent in X-ray films, and also has some applications in medicine as an antacid and in the treatment of peptic ulcers. It is an important ingredient in some cosmetics, particularly in face powders and blushes due to its white color and opaqueness. It is a strong skin and eye irritant, and may cause respiratory tract irritation. It is highly toxic when inhaled and ingested, and may cause kidney damage. Bismuth is one of the heaviest metals on Earth and is found mainly in its native form in nature. It is also extracted from its minerals, notably in bismuthinite and bismite, and as a byproduct of lead, copper, silver, tin, molybdenum, and tungsten extraction.

Bismuth subnitrate, a water-soluble form of bismuth, is indicated for over-the-counter use as an antacid and to relieve symptoms associated with duodenal ulcers. It is also indicated in a short-term treatment regimen with omeprazole and clarithromycin to improve the rate of eradication of Helicobacter pylori, a cause of peptic ulcers.

Bismuth subnitrate is absorbed systematically in the gastrointestinal tract with a peak plasma concentration occurring within 1 hour. It is excreted primarily in the urine, although some of it is excreted in the faeces as well. Bismuth is generally cleared from the body within 2 to 4 days.

bismuth hydroxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Bi(OH)3. It is a white solid, insoluble in water but soluble in acids. It is used as a radiopacifying agent in X-ray films, and also has some applications in medicine as an antacid and in the treatment of peptic ulcers. It… Continue reading →

Plating With Palladium Nickel

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Palladium has a silver-blue color, low density and low melting point. Its unique properties make it useful for a wide range of plating applications. It can be plated with nickel and silver, as well as gold. In combination with nickel, palladium can resist cracking under stress in ways that either metal alone cannot. It is often used in applications that require heat, such as a barrier between base metals. It is also commonly used as a replacement for cyanide gold in electronic connectors.

Plating with this alloy produces a deposit that is glossy and malleable. It occludes little hydrogen and is highly resistant to corrosion, such as nitric acid. In addition, it can be plated to a very thick thickness with few cracks and excellent adhesion properties.

Aside from its anticorrosive attributes, palladium nickel is also much harder than gold. It can withstand the extremes of heat that are common in industrial processes and other demanding environments. It can also be plated to provide a barrier between different base metals that must be separated for specific applications.

Palladium plating is also very stable, making it less sensitive to fluctuations in temperature or chemical concentration during the plating process. This makes it an ideal choice for use in applications that require frequent handling and transportation. Xometry offers several types of Pd-Ni, including Type II – a popular palladium-nickel alloy that combines 80% palladium with 20% nickel. This is the most frequently used alloy for gold-plate alternatives, such as electrical connectors and contacts.

Palladium has a silver-blue color, low density and low melting point. Its unique properties make it useful for a wide range of plating applications. It can be plated with nickel and silver, as well as gold. In combination with nickel, palladium can resist cracking under stress in ways that either… Continue reading →

Stearic Acid Manufacturing Process

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Stearic acid is a naturally occurring fatty acid that is derived from animal and plant fats. It is used in a variety of personal care and cosmetic products, medicines, pharmaceutical tablets, metal working lubricants and cooking oils. The stearic acid manufacturing process is done through saponification of triglycerides with heated liquid, which results in separation of the fatty acids and glycerine from each other. This is followed by fractional distillation of the fatty acid solution to produce a crude stearate. The crude stearate can be further processed to make the desired product.

The stearic acid industry is projected to grow due to the demand for natural lubricants. Increasing number of pharmaceutical products are now available in tablet form, which requires lubricants for the safe disintegration and absorption of the tablet. Additionally, the demand for lubricants in industrial applications such as metalworking has also increased. This is due to the growing need to reduce costs and improve productivity in industrial operations.

In order to meet the demands of the market, companies have been introducing various stearate manufacturing processes. The stearate manufacturing process is based on two steps; first, the fatty acid mixture is reacted with at least one base to form alkali soaps. Then, a solution of at least one metallic salt is added to the alkali soap to form a metallic stearate.

The veg-based stearate that we manufacture is non-GMO, allergen free and BSE free. It is made from sustainable palm oil that is RSPO (Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil) certified. This is a very important aspect for us since it not only ensures the highest quality of our final product but it also makes sure that no harmful chemicals are introduced into the environment.

Stearic acid is a naturally occurring fatty acid that is derived from animal and plant fats. It is used in a variety of personal care and cosmetic products, medicines, pharmaceutical tablets, metal working lubricants and cooking oils. The stearic acid manufacturing process is done through saponification of triglycerides with heated… Continue reading →

Silver Cylinder Cremation Urn

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Silver is a soft, white metal that is found in nature as the free element or in compounds such as silver oxide. It is highly malleable and ductile and a good conductor of electricity, thermal energy and heat. Silver tarnishes when exposed to air containing sulfur, and is also attacked by ozone and hydrogen sulfide. Silver can be used as a decorative and functional material, and is often combined with other metals to create unique objects. Silver is mined as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, or zinc mining operations, and is commonly extracted from lead-zinc ores. Silver is produced in a variety of forms, including ingots, rods, pieces, pellets, discs, granules, wire, and other fabricated shapes.

silver cylinders can be used to create unique centerpieces or decorative elements for weddings and other events. They are available in a wide range of sizes and can be paired with other items for a more coordinated look. This cylinder vase is crafted of high quality glass that is crystal clear to maximize content visibility. The walls are thick and the base is weighted to ensure durability. It comes with a silver ribbon for easy decoration.

This cremation urn is made of stainless steel, a durable and easy-to-care-for material. It can be displayed in the home or buried in a columbarium niche. It has a simple style and may be personalized with an engraving, which can include the name, birth and death dates, or other text (up to five lines). The cylinder shape is compact and suitable for adult size.

Silver is a soft, white metal that is found in nature as the free element or in compounds such as silver oxide. It is highly malleable and ductile and a good conductor of electricity, thermal energy and heat. Silver tarnishes when exposed to air containing sulfur, and is also attacked… Continue reading →

The Melting Temperature of Nickel

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Metals are often subjected to harsh conditions that cause them to heat up. Furnaces, combustion engines, jet engines and ignition nozzles all produce temperatures that can melt metal. When selecting a metal for a specific application, it is important to consider the maximum temperature that it will be exposed to. This is because other types of failure may occur long before the melting point of a particular metal is reached.

The melting temperature of nickel is 1455 degrees Celsius. A number of nickel alloys are used in industry, including 36 and 42 alloys. Both of these alloys have very low thermal expansion and thermal conductivity rates, which makes them ideal for applications requiring high precision and accuracy such as watch springs. Monel is another nickel alloy that has a lower melting temperature of 1350 degrees Celsius and is used as an alternative to iron or steel when corrosive resistance is needed.

Alloys contain more than one element, so their melting points are a range that is dependent on the alloy composition. In addition, the melting temperature of a metal is not constant, it can change with a rise or fall in pressure.

The method of melting nickel described in my patent dispenses with the use of crucibles and produces practically pure fluid nickel economically and more quickly than heretofore. It also enables the production, by the employment of large quantities of air under great pressure, of a much higher degree of heat to be applied to the nickel in order to bring it up to its melting point.

Metals are often subjected to harsh conditions that cause them to heat up. Furnaces, combustion engines, jet engines and ignition nozzles all produce temperatures that can melt metal. When selecting a metal for a specific application, it is important to consider the maximum temperature that it will be exposed to…. Continue reading →