Silver Iodide Uses

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Silver iodide is a yellowish-white powder used in photography, as a pigment, and in manufacturing certain types of glass. It is also an antiseptic and has several other medical uses. Ingestion of large amounts can lead to argyria, a condition characterized by darkening of the skin, eyes and throat. Silver iodide is a common ingredient in oral and eye drops.

In a photochemical process, silver iodide is used to produce a photographic image by the interaction of light with silver halides contained in a binder applied to a substrate. It is also used as an antiseptic for mucous membranes, in electronic and optical applications and in cloud seeding.

In the field of artificially influenced weather, silver iodide is used for catalyzing rainfall (cloud seeding). During this process, one gram of silver iodide produces tens of trillions of ice crystals in cold clouds that help to precipitate raindrops. It is also used to treat sandstorms, hailstorms and fog.

Silver iodide is found in nature in the mineral odargyrite and is extracted by reacting it with concentrated hydriodic acid under ruby red light. It is also prepared by reacting iodide solutions (such as sodium or potassium iodide) with silver nitrate (AgNO3), allowing the solution to precipitate as b-AgI. It is further reacted with iodine in aqueous solution to form a-AgI, which can then be purified by precipitation under a vacuum. The toxicity of silver iodide can be minimized by using it under well-ventilated conditions, wearing gloves and a lab coat, and avoiding eye contact. If poisoning is suspected, seek immediate medical attention.

Silver iodide is a yellowish-white powder used in photography, as a pigment, and in manufacturing certain types of glass. It is also an antiseptic and has several other medical uses. Ingestion of large amounts can lead to argyria, a condition characterized by darkening of the skin, eyes and throat. Silver… Continue reading →

Alloys of Lead Aluminum Alloy

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Lead is a soft, silvery metal that lacks strength, so it is alloyed with various elements to impart useful properties. These alloys may be cast into a wide variety of shapes and can be rolled into sheets of varying thickness. Alloying with zinc, bismuth, silver, tin, arsenic, and antimony improves hardness and strength. Zinc and bismuth also aggravate corrosion in some circumstances, but tin, tellurium, arsenic, and silver reduce or prevent it.

Alloys of low melting point, containing from 10 to 15 percent tin, are used as solders. These are particularly useful for joining aluminum with other metals where lower soldering temperatures are required. They also have good wetting and bonding capabilities. A half-lead/half-tin alloy is the most popular general purpose solder.

Other lead alloys with a lower melting point are used in the manufacture of electrical wire coatings and as insulation for electric cables. In these applications, the corrosion resistance of the material is more important than its melting point or strength.

Lead is a dangerous element to work with and therefore alloys with lower melting points are preferred. In addition to lower melting points, these alloys require less heat to melt and are easier to liquefy. Alloys with low melting points are usually made of a non-eutectic alloy that requires lower temperatures for solidification. These alloys are used for a variety of industrial purposes, including the casting of foundry patterns and fusible elements in safety devices.

Lead is a soft, silvery metal that lacks strength, so it is alloyed with various elements to impart useful properties. These alloys may be cast into a wide variety of shapes and can be rolled into sheets of varying thickness. Alloying with zinc, bismuth, silver, tin, arsenic, and antimony improves… Continue reading →

Copper Silver

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copper silver is the combination of copper with silver to produce a metal used in many types of objects, including a mirror. Silver is also used to plate a thin layer on objects such as clock dials, compass scales and hardware for coffins. copper silver is widely used in industrial applications because of its malleability and workability. Copper (Cu) is an element that is combined with other elements to improve its physical properties, chemical reactivity and group trends. It is found in sulfide, oxide and carbonate ores such as copper pyrite (chalcopyrite), silver glance (chloroclastonite) and cuprite.

The process of silvering is a traditional technique that is often used to repair or enhance the appearance of copper and other copper-based alloys such as brass. Silver plating can also provide a protective coating from corrosion, especially in harsh environments. In addition, the presence of silver ions can help control the growth of pathogens such as Legionella (Legionnaires’ disease).

Prior to applying a silvering paste, it is important that any copper oxide film is removed from the surface to be plated. A suitable abrasive to use for this is precipitated calcium carbonate or 1 mm aluminum oxide. A slurry of this powder and water can be used to prepare copper coupons, which are then silvered using the steps described in CCI Note 9/11 How to Make and Use a Precipitated Calcium Carbonate Silver Polish. It is recommended that a slurry of potassium hydrogen tartrate be rubbed over the silvered coupon afterward to remove any darkening of the copper surface that may occur.

copper silver is the combination of copper with silver to produce a metal used in many types of objects, including a mirror. Silver is also used to plate a thin layer on objects such as clock dials, compass scales and hardware for coffins. copper silver is widely used in industrial… Continue reading →

Boron Selenide and Boron Sulfide Chalcogenides

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A gray crystalline compound of bismuth and selenium, bismuth(III) selenide is a semiconductor and a thermoelectric material. It is a critical component for research, development and production of advanced technologies which require optimum properties, performance and quality.

boron selenide has been observed to exhibit strong nonlinear optical responses in both a single crystal and thin GaSe films doped with boron. The characterization of the electronic-absorption spectra and the kinetics of relaxation of photocurrent are in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The observed nonlinear response is attributed to the presence of a defect mode which appears to arise from the substitution of selenium atoms for oxygen ions in the lattice.

In the present study two boron-rich chalcogenides, namely boron sulfide o-B6S and boron selenide o-B6Se, were synthesized under high pressure – high temperature conditions (BL04B1 beamline, SPring-8 Japan; PSICHE wiggler source, SOLEIL France). The elemental composition of the new compounds was determined from energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy data. The crystal structures were characterized by using ab initio evolutionary crystal structure prediction and Rietveld refinement of experimental powder X-ray diffraction patterns. Their stoichiometry is B6X (X = S, Se). Theoretical calculations with the USPEX code showed that the o-B6S structure has Pmna symmetry and is stable in the 0-20 GPa pressure range. The thermodynamically lowest-enthalpy structures with a Pmna-like structure (convex hulls shown in Fig. 1a,b) are metastable at 20 GPa.

The Raman spectra of o-B6S and o-B6Se are compared with those obtained from a-B2Se3, an isostructural crystalline form of boron selenide. The o-B6S and o-B6Se Raman bands are associated with various tilting oscillations of the B12-icosahedral units around different crystallographic [100], [010] and [001] directions (rocking and wagging of the equatorial and polar boron atoms of one icosahedral unit) and with the partial occupation of 4 h sites by Se atoms in o-B6S. The results suggest that the structural changes caused by high pressure may affect also the vibration modes of the phonon system.

A gray crystalline compound of bismuth and selenium, bismuth(III) selenide is a semiconductor and a thermoelectric material. It is a critical component for research, development and production of advanced technologies which require optimum properties, performance and quality.boron selenide has been observed to exhibit strong nonlinear optical responses in both a… Continue reading →

Sputter Targets

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sputter targets are thin discs of a particular material that are used in a PVD process called sputtering to deposit a thin film of the target material on a substrate like a silicon wafer. This process is used for many different applications including microelectronics, decorative coatings and flat panel display manufacturing. First developed in 1852 and developed as a physical vapor deposition method in 1920, sputtering works by bombarding a target with high energy ions. This causes atoms to be physically ejected from the target surface and deposit onto the substrate, which is often called the “sputter target”.

It should be noted that each elemental material has its own specific sputter yield that determines how quickly the target will deplete atoms. However, alloys can be made up of two or more different atomic species and the specific sputter yields of each component are masked by the overall stoichiometry of the alloy.

In general, sputter targets can be fabricated from nearly any metal or compound such as oxides, nitrides, borides, selenides and carbides. A large selection of compounds is also available in a wide range of purity levels. These sputtering targets can be either planar or rotatable. In addition to the standard round shapes, sputter targets can be supplied in special shaped sizes such as long cylinders for more precise deposition.

Materion produces a broad range of precious metal & non-precious metal sputtering targets, ceramic sputtering targets and inorganic compound sputtering targets for large area coating applications. All of these sputtering targets can be used with desktop sputter coaters such as those from Anatech/Technics, Bio-Rad, Cressington, Edwards, EMS and Emitech. They are also compatible with cryo-SEM preparation systems from Oxford Instruments/Gatan and VG Microtech.

sputter targets are thin discs of a particular material that are used in a PVD process called sputtering to deposit a thin film of the target material on a substrate like a silicon wafer. This process is used for many different applications including microelectronics, decorative coatings and flat panel display… Continue reading →

Magnesium Sulfate Melting Point

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magnesium sulfate melting point is the temperature at which magnesium sulfate begins to melt. Magnesium sulfate is a chemical compound, a salt that contains the magnesium cation Mg2+ and the sulfate anions SO24. It is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water but not in ethanol. It has a wide range of uses, including acting as an anticonvulsant, a cardiovascular drug, a calcium channel blocker, an anaesthetic, a tocolytic, an anti-arrhythmia medication and an analgesic. It is also a common fertiliser.

The anhydrous form of magnesium sulfate is commonly known as Epsom salt. It is a popular additive to garden and home improvement products such as fertilizers, plants and wood preservatives. It is also used in laboratory applications such as drying organic solvents and GC analysis. Magnesium sulfate can be toxic to human beings if inhaled or ingested. It is mildly irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract.

It is produced by precipitating magnesium hydroxide from aqueous solution and reacting it with sulfuric acid. It is also found naturally in geological environments as the minerals epsomite, kieserite and hexahydrite. It is also an important constituent of evaporitic potassium-magnesium (K-Mg) salt deposits. It can also be made from magnesium-containing industrial wastes by treating them with sulfuric acid.

Anhydrous magnesium sulfate is a solid with a melting point of about 355 °C. It can be formed in a variety of crystal shapes, but the most common is the needle-like rhombic crystalline form, often used as Epsom salt for its therapeutic benefits when added to baths. It is also available as the heptahydrate with seven molecules of water, which is less prone to caking than the anhydrous form.

magnesium sulfate melting point is the temperature at which magnesium sulfate begins to melt. Magnesium sulfate is a chemical compound, a salt that contains the magnesium cation Mg2+ and the sulfate anions SO24. It is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water but not in ethanol. It has… Continue reading →

Gold I Odide Formula

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gold i iodide formula is the inorganic compound of gold and iodine with the molecular formula AuI. It has a yellowish-brown color and is soluble in acetic acid, dichloromethane, and tetrahydrofuran, but it decomposes when heated to a high temperature. It forms various complexes with strong Lewis acids and is used in the synthesis of other chemicals.

Gold extraction by iodine leaching is an environment-friendly method and has the potential to replace the cyaniding method. However, it has low stability. To increase the gold extraction rate, we propose a new process using iodine-iodide solutions to stabilize the gold ions in solution. This paper presents the experimental and theoretical studies of this process.

Firstly, we performed the response surface test and optimization with the mass fraction of iodine in anolyte (A), anolyte n(I2):n(I-) ratio (1:8), and cell voltage (12 V) as independent variables, and the percentage gold deposition as the response variable. Then, the optimum conditions were determined. The resulting iodine-capped methoxy polyethylene glycol (PEG)-iodine nanoparticles are deep red in color and show characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bands at wavelengths of 520 and 521 nm. The iodine capping was confirmed by dynamic light scattering spectroscopy. The results show that the methoxy PEG-iodine-capped AuNPs have a diameter of about 40 nm. Furthermore, the methoxy PEG-iodine-capped gold nanoparticles exhibited excellent biocompatibility and short blood circulation times. These findings suggest that the iodine-capped methoxy PEG-iodine-gold nanoparticles are an effective contrast agent for medical imaging.

gold i iodide formula is the inorganic compound of gold and iodine with the molecular formula AuI. It has a yellowish-brown color and is soluble in acetic acid, dichloromethane, and tetrahydrofuran, but it decomposes when heated to a high temperature. It forms various complexes with strong Lewis acids and is… Continue reading →

Silver Aluminum Alloy

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Silver is a metallic substance with the highest electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity of any metal. It is also soft, malleable and ductile. The silver-white metal is lustrous and is used for jewelry, coinage and tableware, such as spoons, forks, and knives. Silver has been mined throughout the world and is known to have excellent resistance to corrosion.

For many years it has been usual to alloy copper with silver for the purpose of strengthening it and making it more suitable for articles such as coins, utensils and watch springs. The new alloys of which the present invention is a development are distinguished by their much greater hardness and tensile strength than were possessed by the old silver-copper alloys. They are unaffected by exposure to air and by acids, and can be made remarkably hard and pliable without losing their white color.

The addition of a small quantity of aluminum increases the hardening effect of silver on a copper base and reduces its sensitivity to stress-corrosion cracking. The improved corrosion resistance of these alloys can be further enhanced by a further small amount of aluminum or other alloying elements.

These alloys are very much in demand in the metallurgical industry and for ornamental use. They are also a valuable ingredient in the manufacture of electric power iron towers, storage tanks, electric wire and cables, metal stents, capacitors, transportation equipment and aircraft. In addition, they are the main material for the production of silver-zinc primary batteries and secondary batteries for cameras and clocks.

Silver is a metallic substance with the highest electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity of any metal. It is also soft, malleable and ductile. The silver-white metal is lustrous and is used for jewelry, coinage and tableware, such as spoons, forks, and knives. Silver has been mined throughout the world and… Continue reading →

Aluminum Alloys and Inorganic Aluminum Salts

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Aluminum (Al) is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust and is used for a wide variety of applications. Unlike most other metals, aluminum is soft enough to be machined and shaped into complex structures and it has an excellent tensile strength. When combined with other metals, it can produce aluminum alloys that have superior strength, hardness, stiffness, creep resistance, and corrosion resistance. In addition, aluminum alloys are very good electrical and thermal conductors.

Inorganic aluminum salts are very common in the natural environment. They are found in many types of mineral deposits and they are also present in the human body in small amounts. However, no living organism uses these salts for metabolism and they are well tolerated by plants and animals.

The toxicity of the inorganic aluminum is linked to several diseases, particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (Mold et al. 2019a). The concentration of aluminum in the brain tissues is very high in AD patients and is associated with neurodegeneration and cognitive disorders. The high exposure to aluminum can be due to various sources such as toothpaste, vaccination, antiperspirants and some drugs (Crisponi et al. 2013). It has been reported that infants are at a high risk of being overexposed to aluminum because of the presence of aluminum-containing additives in milk formulas and vaccination. The overexposure can be especially dangerous because aluminum passes through the placenta and accumulates in the fetal tissue (Freundlich et al. 1985). The aluminum concentration in the brain tissue of infants with renal failure is very high and they have high chances to die from the accumulated aluminum in their bodies (Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 2017). Therefore, it is necessary to find ways to reduce the exposure of infants to toxic aluminum.

Aluminum (Al) is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust and is used for a wide variety of applications. Unlike most other metals, aluminum is soft enough to be machined and shaped into complex structures and it has an excellent tensile strength. When combined with other metals, it can… Continue reading →

Zinc Cut Wire Shot

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zinc cut wire shot is manufactured from quality zinc procured from reliable sources. This product is available in various shapes like as-cut (cylindrical) or fully conditioned to spheroids. It is used for blast cleaning and shot peening on Aluminum Castings, Aluminum components. It is also used for deburring and deflashing of non ferrous metal die castings and alloy parts in centrifugal wheel blast equipments. It is much softer than steel, stainless steel or cast products and therefore causes less damage and wear to internal blast equipment components like control cages, wheel liners and blast wheels.

Zinc is a soft metal with low hardness that makes it a good choice for blast cleaning & surface finishing applications where damage to product surfaces from hard steel abrasives is a concern. It produces significantly less dust during blasting and leaves a very thin film of zinc on the product after it is blasted. This zinc provides temporary galvanic protection against corrosion.

Cast zinc shot is a soft metallic abrasive for general blast cleaning, deburring and surface finishing of light metal castings and non ferrous components. It has a bulk density similar to steel and can deliver enough energy for effective deburring and flash removal without damaging part details. It can be used in air or centrifugal wheel blast equipments and reduces nozzle wear on high wear components. This product is available in a variety of sizes and in a conditioned form that lasts up to 3X longer than as-cut zinc.

zinc cut wire shot is manufactured from quality zinc procured from reliable sources. This product is available in various shapes like as-cut (cylindrical) or fully conditioned to spheroids. It is used for blast cleaning and shot peening on Aluminum Castings, Aluminum components. It is also used for deburring and deflashing… Continue reading →