Calcium Oxalate Melting Point

By | |
Leave a comment

Calcium oxalate is an organic compound with the chemical formula CaC2O4(H2O)x. It belongs to the class of dicarboxylic acids and derivatives, which have two carboxylic acid groups. It forms needle-shaped crystals and is the main reason for kidney stones. It also is a constituent of beerstone, a scale that forms on containers used in breweries. It is insoluble in water and acetic acid, but soluble in nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. It is slightly hygroscopic. It is produced in the manufacture of oxalic acid and also in the production of ceramic glazes. It is found naturally as the minerals Whewellite and Weddellite. It is also present in certain plants, including dumb cane (Dieffenbachia), sorrel, rhubarb, and spinach.

The oxalate from these foods binds with the calcium in the gastrointestinal tract and then travels to the kidneys, where it combines with other substances to form the stones. A person can prevent these crystals from forming by eating high oxalate foods with foods rich in calcium, such as milk. They can also boil high-oxalate vegetables to remove some of the oxalate.

The Raman spectra shown in Figure 6 show that the oxalate monohydrate and dihydrate crystals have a similar shape, but that their crystal water structure is different. This explains the very different ratios of the vibrations at 1490 and 1464 cm-1, which depend on the supersaturation concentration. The stoichiometry of the free oxalate ions in solution also varies significantly as a function of pH, due to the deprotonation of the citric acid species.

Calcium oxalate is an organic compound with the chemical formula CaC2O4(H2O)x. It belongs to the class of dicarboxylic acids and derivatives, which have two carboxylic acid groups. It forms needle-shaped crystals and is the main reason for kidney stones. It also is a constituent of beerstone, a scale that forms… Continue reading →

Boron Nitride Grease

By | |
Leave a comment

boron nitride grease is a specialty lubricant containing Hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN) powder. This line of lubricants helps address new worldwide environmental regulations that minimize/prohibit the use of ingredients that generate phosphorous and sulfur fumes and residues.

Hexagonal boron nitride is a polymorph of boron nitride with interesting properties predisposing it to be used as a lubricant. Its lamellar structure, with alternating layers of boron and nitrogen atoms, results in a strong resistance to chemical attacks. Hexagonal boron lubricants can be applied to surfaces as dry film lubricant, or mixed with water and binders, such as paints, to form lubricity coatings.

When h-BN is added to liquids, it forms an excellent lubricant and offers many advantages over conventional greases and other lubricants. For example, it possesses an extremely low coefficient of friction and resists the corrosion of steel, copper, brass, bronze and cast iron. It also has good thermal stability and good chemical resistance, making it suitable for a wide variety of applications.

Several authors have studied the effectiveness of h-BN in lubricants using various tribological tests on a four ball apparatus, a KEWAT-6 friction machine and a vibration test bench. The results show that a concentration of 10 to 20% of h-BN, depending on the base grease, significantly improves tribological properties compared with those of the base grease.

The research has enabled the identification of the main factors that determine the effectiveness of h-BN as an additive to lubricants. These factors include particle size distribution, morphology, specific surface area and porosity.

boron nitride grease is a specialty lubricant containing Hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN) powder. This line of lubricants helps address new worldwide environmental regulations that minimize/prohibit the use of ingredients that generate phosphorous and sulfur fumes and residues.Hexagonal boron nitride is a polymorph of boron nitride with interesting properties predisposing it… Continue reading →

Boron Phosphide

By | |
Leave a comment

boron phosphide is an inorganic compound of boron element and phosphorus element, a semiconductor. The crystal growth of boron arsenide and boron phosphide in the form of bulk crystals and epitaxial layers on suitable substrates is discussed and their physical, chemical, and electrical properties are investigated. Various techniques required for fabrication of boron phosphide devices, such as junction shaping, diffusion, and low-resistance ohmic contacts, are also developed.

Monolayer two-dimensional boron phosphide (BP) has shown great potential for thermoelectric applications due to its good thermodynamic stability, wide bandgap and ultra-high carrier mobility. However, BP’s lattice thermal conductivity is significantly higher than other two-dimensional materials and has limited its practical application.

A new technique is used to reduce the thermal conductivity of BP. The BP molecule has an unusual structure, which allows van der Waals interactions to effectively reduce the thermal conductivity. In addition, the atomic radius of a BP atom is small, resulting in the formation of a non-planar surface. The zigzag-type chiral structure of BPNT is also demonstrated, showing that it is more polar than armchair-type BNNTs.

The synthesis of high-quality epitaxial BP film is successfully achieved on silicon carbide (SiC) substrates for the first time. The optimal growth conditions are established, the film formation mechanism and defect origination process are interpreted through an integrated experimental and theoretical study. Four types of BP devices were fabricated, including metal-insulator-boron phosphide structures, Schottky barriers and boron phosphide-silicon carbide heterojunctions. Easily visible red electroluminescence was observed from both epitaxial and solution grown p-n homojunctions.

boron phosphide is an inorganic compound of boron element and phosphorus element, a semiconductor. The crystal growth of boron arsenide and boron phosphide in the form of bulk crystals and epitaxial layers on suitable substrates is discussed and their physical, chemical, and electrical properties are investigated. Various techniques required for… Continue reading →

Nano Silver Solution Supplier

By | |
Leave a comment

Silver has been used for centuries as an antimicrobial agent to kill bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Modern science has developed nano silver solution which is a metallic silver elemental that can be dispersed in liquids such as water and gels. It has bactericidal effects on about 650 kinds of bacteria without generating resistance.

Silver particles with a size of 1-100nm can enter the cells of microorganisms and destroy them by their unique structure, killing them instantly. This action is much faster than conventional antibiotics and does not affect normal healthy tissue. It is also non-toxic to humans and animals. Its broad spectrum of bactericidal activity makes it a valuable supplement in the fight against infections, especially those caused by drug resistant strains.

Unlike colloidal silver, which is made using the physical electric model by running a current through silver wires and results in a division of silver ions and silver particles without capping agents, nano silver particles are capped with a plant extract, making them stable in various conditions. The capping also prevents the particles from clumping together, making them more effective than colloidal silver.

Currently, many products such as keyboards, textiles, and wound dressings are impregnated with silver to help control infection and prevent contamination. However, these silver particles can be released when the items are laundered and into wastewater systems and the environment. This is a concern because the ions can be toxic to microbes that are essential for ecological systems.

Silver has been used for centuries as an antimicrobial agent to kill bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Modern science has developed nano silver solution which is a metallic silver elemental that can be dispersed in liquids such as water and gels. It has bactericidal effects on about 650 kinds of bacteria… Continue reading →

Characterisation of Zirconium Pellets

By | |
Leave a comment

Zirconium, atomic number 40 in the periodic table, is a silvery metal that exhibits remarkable strength and thermal stability. It is not corroded by acids, alkalis or sea water, and it has been observed in stars like our own Sun and the Moon, as well as in lunar rocks. Zirconium is also the raw material for the electroceramics lead zirconate titanate (PZT), which is used in oxygen sensors and fuel cell membranes.

In a recent study, we investigated the compaction properties of MOF-801, a small-pore zirconium-based metal-organic framework containing fumaric acid as a linker. Dry-mixed MOF-801 powder was compressed either neat or in the presence of a range of binders (sucrose, polyvinylalcohol and polyvinylbutyral) at various pressures and for different times. Pellets synthesised by compressing the MOF at 146 MPa for 15 s were found to be robust and durable. They retained up to 90% of the original pore volume and displayed unaffected sorption performance after ten cycles of decompression.

We characterised the MOF-801 pellets by powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The X-ray diffraction patterns were obtained on a Bruker D8 Avance diffractometer operating in reflection geometry. The SEM micrographs of the pellets are shown in the figures below. The authors wish to thank the staff at EMSL for support with the instrumentation.

Zirconium, atomic number 40 in the periodic table, is a silvery metal that exhibits remarkable strength and thermal stability. It is not corroded by acids, alkalis or sea water, and it has been observed in stars like our own Sun and the Moon, as well as in lunar rocks. Zirconium… Continue reading →

Carbon Bromide

By | |
Leave a comment

Carbon Bromide is a water soluble crystalline form of carbon available in a variety of purity grades. This product can be used in a variety of applications such as reagent, analytical standard and in crystal growth applications. Carbon Bromide can also be dissolved in aqueous solvents such as acetone and methanol for use in certain chemical analysis applications. High purity forms of this compound are also available in ultra high purity grades for certain crystal growth applications.

Until recently, carbon and its compounds had been regarded as harmless to release into the environment. However, it is now known that some of these compounds vaporize and are carried into the atmosphere where they can cause damage.

The molecules of Carbon Tetrabromide are positioned on the corners and centers of the cubic unit cell (fcc) in an atomic arrangement that is similar to diamond. Earlier it was thought that these molecules could rotate almost freely, but more recent studies have shown that the orientation of these molecules is restricted to 6 possible rotations (Frankel disorder).

This compound can be toxic to the skin and lungs if it comes in direct contact with them. Symptoms of exposure include lachrymation and irritation. If inhaled, it can cause effects on the liver and kidneys. Exposure to high concentrations can result in unconsciousness.

It is important to keep this material in a well ventilated area and away from sunlight. It can cause serious injuries to the eyes if it gets in them and should be handled with gloves. In case of eye contact, one should immediately rinse with plenty of lukewarm water and seek medical assistance.

Carbon Bromide is a water soluble crystalline form of carbon available in a variety of purity grades. This product can be used in a variety of applications such as reagent, analytical standard and in crystal growth applications. Carbon Bromide can also be dissolved in aqueous solvents such as acetone and… Continue reading →

Tungsten Tube

By | |
Leave a comment

Tungsten is a super dense metal. It is used in counter-balances for fishing rods, military applications like rocket weapons and ammunition, and x-ray equipment for medical treatment and detection. Its high melting point allows it to be made into long tubes that are easy to thread and stay put without tangles. It also has the highest tensile strength of all metals and its density makes it more cost effective than other alternatives.

tungsten tube

TUNGSTEN ALLOYS INC is an AS9100D and ISO 9001:2015 certified manufacturer of standard and custom beryllium copper, brass, bronze, Hastelloy, and tungsten alloy tubing, fittings, rings and sheaths. We serve aerospace, automotive, chemical, petrochemical, construction, defense, food and beverage processing, marine, oil and gas, and pharmaceutical industries.

The tungsten tubing we produce is made by blending tungsten with lower-melting-point binder metal during liquid phase sintering. This results in a powder compact that can be readily swaged to form the required tubular part. The swaged material can be drilled, machined, ground and annealed as required. This system is an innovative method for fabricating long, tubular Tungsten Heavy Alloy (THA) parts using powder compact sintering technology.

Tungsten has a much higher compressive strength than steel and does not change with variations in temperature. This makes it an ideal material for high-density applications where a combination of low weight and high tensile strength are required. It also performs well in radial applications where the compressive load is applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.

Tungsten is a super dense metal. It is used in counter-balances for fishing rods, military applications like rocket weapons and ammunition, and x-ray equipment for medical treatment and detection. Its high melting point allows it to be made into long tubes that are easy to thread and stay put without… Continue reading →

Nickel Pellets for Electroplating Applications

By | |
Leave a comment

Manufacturer and distributor of high purity electric grade nickel pellets for electroplating applications. Pellets are available in 1/4 to 3/4 inch diameter and are packaged in 100 g, 1 lb., and 2 lb. bags. Offers wholesale and retail pricing for manufacturers, schools, labs, hobbyists, students, professionals, and more. Detailed product description includes physical properties and metallographic data, as well as safety information.

Previous studies of nickel toxicity have used RNA expression microarrays to investigate molecular responses within cells of different species, including bacteria34, yeast35, fibroblasts36, liver cells37, and fish38. However, no previous study has investigated gene expression in muscle tissue surrounding a nickel pellet implanted into the leg of a mouse. We compared molecular changes in muscle tissue around nickel pellets with those of muscle tissue around non-nickel tantalum implants, as well as controls with no pellet at all, over 21 weeks. We found that expression of several pathways was significantly changed, with a clear impact on the immune system and mitochondria. Increased matrix metallopeptidase activity, cytokine production, and the formation of phagosomes were notable changes. These changes were persistent at the tissue level, suggesting a long term impact of nickel on cell function and metallomics. Nickel concentrations in serum and kidney showed a significant correlation with the metals Cr, Mg, Co, V, Mo, Se, and Zn (data not shown). These results suggest that a complex interaction between multiple metals is involved in nickel’s toxicology. Moreover, nickel was associated with the expression of genes involved in iron uptake and regulation in the body.

Manufacturer and distributor of high purity electric grade nickel pellets for electroplating applications. Pellets are available in 1/4 to 3/4 inch diameter and are packaged in 100 g, 1 lb., and 2 lb. bags. Offers wholesale and retail pricing for manufacturers, schools, labs, hobbyists, students, professionals, and more. Detailed product… Continue reading →

Tricaprylmethylammonium Chloride

By | |
Leave a comment

A colorless, odorless solid which is readily soluble in water. It is used as a phase transfer catalyst and as an extraction reagent in the synthesis of extended p-systems and other aromatic aldehydes. It is also useful in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. When heated to decomposition, it produces toxic fumes of NOx, NH3 and Cl-.

This article is part of the Chemistry in Context series, a collection of articles that provide context for important chemical concepts through definitions, illustrations, and discussion questions. It is intended for use in high school and college chemistry courses as well as for general interest.

The chloride ion is important in many aspects of normal body physiology and is involved in cellular respiration, electrolyte balance and fluid balance. Its concentration in extracellular fluid is influenced by several variables including acid-base imbalance, renal and hepatic function and metabolic states.

Overdosage can cause a serious degree of acidosis, confusion and coma and requires immediate treatment with a hyperchloremic solution to correct the condition. Intravenous administration of ammonium chloride is contraindicated in patients with severe impairment of renal or hepatic function, in cardiac edema and in those who have developed metabolic acidosis due to vomiting of hydrochloric acid (with associated loss of sodium). It is also a poor choice in the presence of metabolic alkalosis with hypotonic shock as it causes an increased risk for intravascular volume expansion and pulmonary edema. During infusion of the compound, monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of a hyperchloremic response such as nausea, vomiting or confusion.

A colorless, odorless solid which is readily soluble in water. It is used as a phase transfer catalyst and as an extraction reagent in the synthesis of extended p-systems and other aromatic aldehydes. It is also useful in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. When heated to decomposition, it produces toxic fumes… Continue reading →

How to Produce Titanium Carbide Powder

By | |
Leave a comment

TiC is a gray metallic powder with sodium chloride type cubic crystal system and high melting point, high hardness, good thermal stability, high chemical inert ability to iron and steel, wide range of applications, and it’s an essential material in making cemented carbide and cermet. Heeger Materials provides high-quality TiC granulated powder with narrow particle size distribution and high purity at a competitive price.

The titanium carbide powder has a Mohs hardness of 910, a microhardness of 3000kg/mmz and an elastic modulus of 2940N/mm2, a bending strength of 240-400N/nn, and it is insoluble in water and hydrochloric acid. It is soluble in alkaline nitric acid and aqua regia.

It can be produced by the following ways:

1. Carbon thermal reduction method.

This method uses microwave energy to heat the raw materials, and the dielectric loss of the material converts the electric power into heat energy to make the carbon thermally reduce, forming TiC crystals. This method is simple and economical, but its yield and quality are limited.

2. Reaction method.

This method uses sponge titanium and carbon black as the raw materials, mixing them in proportion and pressing them into a Ph10mm x 5mm cylinder to prepare the precursor. After the reaction, the precursor is loaded into a metal restraint outer cylinder and subjected to an explosion shock wave in order to achieve self-reaction of the titanium oxide and carbon. The detonation ash is collected to obtain the TiC. The powder is then screened to remove impurities, calcined in the furnace and ground to get the final product.

TiC is a gray metallic powder with sodium chloride type cubic crystal system and high melting point, high hardness, good thermal stability, high chemical inert ability to iron and steel, wide range of applications, and it’s an essential material in making cemented carbide and cermet. Heeger Materials provides high-quality TiC… Continue reading →